Fifth disease is a viral infection which often affects red blood cells. It is caused by a human parvovirus (B19). For many years, fifth disease was viewed as an unimportant rash illness of children. Recently, studies have shown that the virus may be responsible for serious complications in certain individuals.
Disease Facts
Anyone can be infected, but the disease seems to occur more often in elementary school-age children.
The virus is spread by exposure to airborne droplets from the nose and throat of infected people.
One to two weeks after exposure, some children will experience a low grade fever and tiredness. By the third week, a red rash generally appears on the cheeks giving a slapped face appearance. The rash may then extend to the body and tends to fade and reappear. Sometimes, the rash is lacy in appearance and may be itchy. Some children may have vague signs of illness or no symptoms at all.
People with fifth disease appear to be contagious during the week prior to the appearance of the rash. By the time the rash is evident, the person is probably beyond the contagious period.
In most cases, the disease is diagnosed based on the appearance of typical symptoms. A specific blood test to confirm the diagnosis has recently been developed but is not widely available.
It is thought that people who have been previously infected acquire long-term or lifelong immunity. Studies have shown that approximately 50 percent of adults are immune to parvovirus B19.
At this time, there is no specific treatment.
While most women infected during pregnancy will not be affected, some studies have shown that parvovirus B19 may infect the fetus and increase the risk of miscarriage within the first 18 weeks of pregnancy. In people with chronic red blood cell disorders, such as sickle-cell disease, infection may result in severe anemia. Infection has also been associated with arthritis in adults.
Measures to effectively control fifth disease have not been developed yet. During outbreaks in schools, pregnant school employees and people with chronic red blood cell disorders should consult their physician for advice.
In addition to your doctor, information can be obtained from the South Dakota Department of Health at 1-800-592-1861.